Internet connections

There are many different ways to connect to the Internet. Some are old technology, rather slow and used right now only when no other means is available, such as the old telephone line with a speed of 56 Kbps, the ISDN system, the GPRS and EDGE mobile phone systems. Modern technologies are called broadband. Technical Data used in the field explained in short courses in Rawalpindi.

Many fast connections, especially ADSL, suffer from network congestion: too many users are connecting at the same time and the Internet provider’s main cables are not able to support the users’ maximum speed multiplied by the number of users, and therefore must reduce the practical connection speed. Therefore the maximum speed is often only theoretical and some providers are offering a “minimum band guaranteed”: a minimum speed under which the connection may never fall. Some more details of short courses in rawalpindi are as under.

Unfortunately, even in technologically advanced countries, there are still many areas where nor ADSL neither UMTS arrives, mostly due to the geographic conditions (mountains, islands or long desert distances) and to the low inhabitants’ density. This phenomenon is called digital divide: there are areas where broadband connection does not arrive (8.8% of Italian families, while 16% of Italian companies do not have access to 20 Mbps connections), and, on the other hand, Internet services and especially the WWW is continuously going towards large size contents, cutting these people and companies off. In order to overcome this social problem, Wi MAX is spreading, a sort of very long range Wireless which arrives up to 10 Km but works only if the transmitting and receiving antennas are in line of sight and whose theoretical speed of 70 Mbps decreases with distances to about 40 Mbps.

The major drawback of encryption keys is that if a computer is put to work trying to encrypt a text with many private keys in sequence and then to decrypt it with the correct public key , within some years it will manage to find the right private key which leads to a correct encryption-decryption. Therefore, each couple of private-public keys has a time limited duration, usually some years, after which it is necessary to change them and encrypt again all the past documents.

Documents for which it is important to determine the exact date of the signature have moreover a temporal mark signed directly by the certification authority. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for  Pakistani Students who wants to join short courses in Rawalpindi.

Search engines

A search engine is a special program running on a website which offers to the user the possibility of searching other websites for specific web pages. The user needs to connect to the search engine website and digit the keywords, or sometimes even a complete question, and the website returns the list of relevant web pages. Technical Data about this field explained in  short courses in Rawalpindi.

Search engines use a crawler technique: they continuously go through the known web pages memorizing their content and trying to discover other web pages through the contained links. In this way they are able to memorize most of the WWW’s pages (more than 8 billion pages), even though some not linked websites can remain unknown to search engines. The most popular search engines are Google, the current market leader, Yahoo! and Bing. In order to choose the order in which web pages are displayed to the user, search engines use scoring system. The most famous one is Google’s which relies on the idea that a linked page is very important and useful;  therefore a web page receives a score proportional to the number of web pages which put a link to it. According to recent researches, the percentage of use of these engines are Google 83%, Yahoo 6%, and Bing 4%. Some more details of short courses in rawalpindi are as under.

There are many tricks to speed up the web search and arrive quickly to the right result: Most novice users search the WWW using only a single keyword, which often produces the right result but in some cases can result in long lists of wrong results, for example when looking for Java Island using simply “java”. Using as many keywords as possible often avoids wrong results, even though sometimes returns no pages if too many words are used;

Putting some words between quotation marks forces the search engine to look for the exact phrase, i.e. exactly for those words in that order and with no words in between;  in the advanced search menu often there are very good options, such as the search of pages only in a specified language or only in a specified format, for example .doc or .pdf; TSK is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for  Pakistani Students who wants to join short courses in Rawalpindi.

Posta Electronica Certificate PEC

When sending an email, the sender has no proof that it has been sent, for example to be used in a court of justice, and no guarantee that the email has been dispatched. Some mail readers use a receipt system, but the receiver is not obliged to send back the receipt. Technical Data about certificate in this field explained in short courses in Rawalpindi.

In order to overcome these problems, many solutions have been proposed. The Italian Posta Electronica Certificate (PEC) system has become one of the most widespread solutions, thanks to law Decretory Ministerial 6 May 2009 which guarantees a free PEC email address to every citizen and thanks to law 82/2005 which determines that PEC receipts are legal proves. Some more details of short courses in rawalpindi are as under.

When an email is sent from a PEC address to another PEC address, the sender receives two receipt: the first one is a proof that the email has been sent with date and time, while the second one is a proof that the email has been dispatched to the mailbox of the receiver (or, equivalently, received by the sender). This does not represent a proof that the email has been actually read, but from the moment the email is dispatched to the mailbox it is the receiver’s responsibility to read it. Under this circumstances, it is perfectly equivalent to “raccomandata con ricevuta di ritorno”. Emails can be send also from a PEC address to a non-PEC address, and in this case the receiver gets only the sent proof but not the dispatched-received proof, like the “raccomandata surplice”. When an email is sent from a non-PEC address to a PEC address, no receipt is produced and this is equivalent to a standard letter.

Moreover, even though it is not officially required, PEC to PEC also guarantees that content be not altered and that sender’s email address is the indicated one. However, it is important to note that PEC alone does not guarantee that the sender is really the person who claims to be and that content remains unread until it reaches destination. In order to overcome these last two problems, encryption and digital signature (see section 4.1 on page 20) must be used. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad who wants to join short courses in Rawalpindi.

Communication

In a computer network, many communication programs installed on Intranet computers to the Internet or to connect with internal computers. Technical Data used in the field explained in short courses in Rawalpindi.

Web browser:

A web browser is a client program to navigate the World Wide Web and retrieve web pages. It runs directly on the user's computer as a client and connects to external Web servers, identified with the www prefix in the Internet name to retrieve web pages. The market leader with around 52% (Business Insider, March 2015), the browser Google Chrome, followed by Internet Explorer, a freeware proprietary software with 21% and Mozilla Firefox, an open-source software with 18%. Microsoft in July 2015, its new browser, Microsoft Edge launched, which will replace the Internet Explorer. Some more details of short courses in rawalpindi are as under.

Mail reader:

An e-mail reader to send a client program and check email. It runs directly on the user's computer as a client and connect to a mail server, a program for the collection and dispatching emails. The market leader is Microsoft Outlook, a commercial proprietary software. It has many competitors, the most famous is the open-source Mozilla Thunderbird and download the free Windows Live Mail.

Another way to read e-mails and to send is via webmail systems, which are sites where the user can enter and read his e-mail received and to send new acts directly on the mail server, without

Downloading them is a client. It can be useful for several reasons: It is not the installation of a mail reader application needs; old received emails on the site are always available and can be accessed as from home, in the office and while traveling, even without their own laptop; the mail server will take care of emails backup. But on the other hand, it requires a continuous fast connection also to write only one long email, which can be costly and in some situations impossible and usually the e-mail space is limited. The best-known site interfaces are the Microsoft Outlook Web Access, where the web interface looks like Microsoft Outlook, and webmail interface, used and personalized by most Internet providers.

The network connection components are the cable, which determine the speed of the LAN. Cables have a speed measure in bps (bits per second), which indicates how many bits can flow through the cable in one second.

To find out how much time it takes to transfer a file with a size in bytes, divide the Connection speed in bps to 8 byte rate per second to find out and then divide the file size by the speed of the number of seconds to see it take place for the file transfer. In order to transmit, for example, a 600 MB file via a Fast Ethernet connection to the speed of 12.5 MB per second out (12,500,000 bytes per second) and then divide 600 MB (or 600 million bytes) of 12.5 (or 12.5 million) to find out the time of 48 seconds. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join short courses in Rawalpindi.

File types of computer system

Specifies the type of files from Windows through its expansion, which is everything after the last dot in the filename. Usually it is an acronym for 3 or 4 characters. Using the file extension, Windows knows the file type and to decide to open what program the file. If the file extension is not displayed, follow the instructions uses a license for each file on Windows 7 operating system. Technical Data used in the field explained in short courses in Rawalpindi.

Click with the right mouse button on a file or folder and select "Properties" and "security". The Security dialog box displays the list of users or groups of users who can access this object, the user is not listed, can not access it. The dialog box for each user or group in Planck beings permissions: Some more details of short courses in rawalpindi  are as under.

Read copy permission, and open the object;
 Read and Execute, how to read, and the object, if a program to be executed;
 The contents of the list (for directories), to view the content on;
 Write permission to create (for folders), files and directories;
 (Called also when they are in a file named, write permission) change the permissions to read and execute, and delete, move, rename, save the changes;
 total control, no matter how change and change permissions. The owner of a file is usually full control over it and can change the permissions or add new users or authorized groups. A special group is the administrators group (with the participation in the technical management of computer users) to have full control over each object.

UNIBZ network folder:

stored in UNIBZ LAN not shared disks in the shared information, so that it is accessible from any computer. These are called network folder. Some of them are:
Ubz01fst \\ \ Classes \ course_coletti utility that contains the files that are used during the course. These files can not be opened by double-clicking here, otherwise you will be copied to each user's desktop before opening will not be blocked;
 Ubz01fst \\ \ Classes \ exam_coletti \, followed by the login name or the user name and user name that includes the examination of files and only accessible to the user;
 Ubz01fst \\ \ \ students, followed by the year, faculty and logon name of the user who a copy of the hard disk: includes Student F, desktop and settings.
Nibs computer to connect to these directories is easy if you use a laptop, make sure it is Scientific Network Wi-Fi___33 connected. If you are using a VPN connection from home, or sometimes, even if ubz01fst.unibz.it a notebook, index linked \\ \\ instead of simply ubz01fst and if the user name and password, unibz paragraph. it \ username demand not only your user name. Finally, Mac users are much easier it is permanently assign: Make sure that you à Search Go servers are connected to the scientific Wi-Fi, network à connect, use as an address \\ ubz01fst.unibz. it (SMB test: // ubz01fst.unibz.it if you are not), then enter the username unibz.it \ and password and click OK. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for  Pakistani Students who wants to join short courses in Rawalpindi.